Cycles

In learning about the different cycles in our environment, Water cycle, Nitrogen cycle etc. I constructed this short summarized version of what each cycle does. Hopefully it is as useful to you as it was to my students. They also got a diagram for each summary so that they could visualize the cycle take place.

Cycles

Rock Cycle

• Sedimentary, igneous rock, Metamorphic rock

• There are five processes: metamorphism, weathering and erosion, cementation and compaction, melting, and cooling and solidification.

• Weathering and erosion create sedimentary rocks.

• When water, wind, air or gravity transport the sediment, it's known as erosion.

• Erosion process layers the sediment onto itself, and gravity forces the bottom layers to be moved into the Earth. This process is called compaction.

• When silica and calcite are added to the compacted rock, they are cemented together

• As the bottom layers of sedimentary rock are moved further into the Earth, they are heated and melt, then they heat rock that's buried in the Earth's crust, transforming it into metamorphic rock. Then it cools and solidifies. This cooled rock is called igneous rock.

• The metamorphic rock and igneous rock are weathered down and eroded, when they become sedimentary rock. They are deposited, layered and the cycle starts all over again.

Water Cycle

• The sun is responsible for its two major components: condensation and evaporation.

• When the sun heats the surface of water, it evaporates and ends up in the atmosphere as water vapor.

• It cools and rises, becoming clouds, which eventually condense into water droplets.

• Depending on the temperature of the atmosphere and other conditions, the water precipitates as rain, sleet, hail or snow.

Nitrogen Cycle

• consists of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and decay.

• Nitrogen Fixation is when nitrogen gas from the air is made into nitrogen compounds.

• Nitrification is when ammonia in the soil is converted to nitrates. Nitrification is performed by nitrifying bacteria. Plants absorb the nitrates and use them to make proteins.

• Denitrification is when nitrogen gas becomes part of the atmosphere.

• Decay is when organic nitrogen compounds of dead organisms and waste are returned to the soil.

• Through the nitrogen cycle, food-making organisms obtain the necessary nitrogen. The nitrogen cycle does not supply enough nitrogen to support plant growth. In these soils natural or artificial fertilizers, containing nitrates or ammonium compounds, are needed.

Carbon Cycle

• Carbon in the air is made available to living things, is used by them, and is then returned to the air.

• Food-making organisms such as plants and algae need carbon to form carbohydrates, which are essential for growth.

• They absorb carbon dioxide from the air

• The carbon dioxide is combined with water to form carbohydrates.

• Other living things, such as animals, need carbohydrates for energy

• Small amounts of carbon dioxide are released into the air by the decomposition of dead organisms by certain bacteria and fungi.

• The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, also releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Learning Lab

So I had an amazing experience this year tutoring one student. I made sure to plan every day for our sessions together and his reading level improved by two grades over the course of the year. Here's a sample of one unit of lessons we worked on together.

Learning Lab Sessions

Series of mini lessons (Unit Plan)

Objectives: Decode -ed suffixes Read with expression Read high frequency words Increase his lexicon by 2-3 words this week To engage in reciprocal teaching strategies Develop an opinion on an issue and publish his work	Materials: dry erase board vocabulary log pen, pencil, looseleaf Readings (NY Times article, Wilson) Laptop dictionary Magnetic Journal	Skills: Decoding and encoding note-taking and annotating Using a graphic organizer to maintain ideas Independently annotating text and chunking readings Scooping and reciprocal teaching: asking clarifying questions reading with expression Identifying repetition of words
Day 1 Decoding words with -ed suffixes Practice decoding the word mulled Wilson tapping WRS student workbook: fill in the blanks with correct word from word bank difference between /ed/ and /d/ sounds Isolate the sounds; syllable divisions Read sentences and identify which words make the /d/ sound and which make the /ed/ sound ex: happened (/d/) ex: frosted (/ed/) Assessment: Spell two words with /ed/ sound and two words with /d/ sound in the suffix		Day 2 Decode an -ed suffix word: Wedged Practice using dictionary, put into vocabulary log Read “Messy Room” together aloud (paired reading) Model how to read with expression (use pencil to guide you-scooping) James reads it aloud alone Ask comprehension questions What is the poem about? Provide evidence from the text. Identify the repetition in poem Chunk reading and and find patterns in rhyme Syllable division of words within the poem that are difficult to decode Assessment: Spell two new words you learned today
Day 3 Decoding word of the day: void Chunk “A wallet...” into 3 sections Use reciprocal teaching: After each chunk, Summarize, clarify, question, predict. Who lost his wallet? Who returned the wallet? How? Where did the owner of the wallet work 40 years ago? What items were in the wallet? What was missing? Decoding words from the article Assessment: Writing: What have you ever lost of real sentimental or monetary value? Did you get it back? Have you ever found something that seemed valuable and tried to return it?		Day 4 Decoding Strive (tapping, spelling, dictionary def., in vocab log write 1 sentence using the word.) NY Times article “Do you eat cafeteria food” Model annotating text Read together James reads alone comprehension questions, key points, form an opinion Free-write: Do the foods served in the cafeteria tend to be healthy? Are they appealing and tasty? What changes should be made to food served in lunchroom? Assessment: Type the free-write and submit it online to the student opinion section of the NY Times

A girl's gotta eat!

You know those weekly coupon circulars that are left at our front door? Many of us throw them out without realizing the potential savings we're missing out on. I LOVE food! It's for this reason that I try to find EVERY possible way to save money on it. I have a few tips for you on how to save money on groceries.

I'm a New Yorker so the cost of living is almost unbearable. Here are a few ways to cut that cost down:

• MANUFACTURER COUPONS. They're my best friend when it comes to shopping. You can use them at any supermarket. The problem is that many consumers look at them and think, "Well I'm only saving 75 cents on this product. It's not even worth it." But it IS worth it! Savings adds up. The average family spends $400 on groceries. So clip those coupons. You'll be amazed when you save $100 or more on items you normally buy anyway.

• LOOK FOR SALES! The supermarket where you normally buy your items may not always have a good sale for you. Make an effort to go elsewhere for sales. You'll save a bundle. Weekly circulars often give you information on where sales can be found.

• STOCK UP! A common mistake we make is shopping when there's no food in the house. This is a problem because there may not be a good sale available when you decide to do the bulk of your shopping. If you have the money, you should take advantage of sales when they arise. So if toilet paper is on sale for 25 cents a roll, buy as much as you can. You're going to use it anyway, right? If you waited until you ran out, the rolls may cost you 75 cents each. Set aside a cupboard or a pantry where you can stock these sale items at home and use them when you need to.

• DON'T FORGET THE 99 CENT STORE! For simple household items like toilet paper, garbage bags, dish washing detergent etc.., the 99 cent store is the place to go!! These are usually products that supermarkets charge way too much for! There's no need to spend $6 on detergent when the 99 cent store is so inexpensive. Nowadays, 99 cent stores offer so much more than they used to. Most sell a wide array of hardware that are necessary to keep your home running smoothly and looking lovely.
  

I eat a lot of cereal. Rite Aid Pharmacy usually has great deals on cereal I love. So I purchase my cereal there during sale dates (usually they're priced at 2 for $5 or buy one get one free). Then I do my other groceries at the local supermarket. I could easily save $20 on cereal alone. The average cost of a full-priced cereal box is usually $4 or more!!

A great place to go for sales year-round is Pathmark. In addition to using manufacturer coupons, Pathmark offers an Advantage Club card.
This is a free savings card that you can use to purchase items. Just by using this card, you save a ton of money on select brands. The great thing is that they usually have a LARGE selection of name-brand, on-sale products.

My boyfriend and I purchased a few items from Pathmark a few months ago and it totaled to approximately $30. Once we swiped our savings card, the total went down to about $12. (the ice cream was $1.50 when you use the savings card.) The savings is remarkable. If you have a Pathmark in your area, it's definitely worth checking out. Another great place to shop is Stop & Shop. They also have a savings card.

The Obvious way to save money on food is to NOT go to restaurants as often. Cooking at home saves you alot of money. I know it can be a pain, especially if you have a large family and you just want to get something quick to eat. The biggest mistake we make (including myself) is spending money on ordering pizzas and dining out. A plate can cost $10 per person, plus tax and tip.

On our anniversary dinner alone, my boyfriend spent about $70. Crazy expensive, right?!
Here we are enjoying our mighty expensive, yet yummy dinner:

It's nice to go out once in a while and not have to worry about cleanup. But in times of economic struggle, it would make the most sense to limit how often you dine out. So even though $70 was spent on one dinner, we try not to dine out too often. It's a good idea to cook at home and have a romantic dinner there. There's no need to spend so much money when you can get a more cozy experience at home. The money you save on groceries and cooking at home could be used to treat yourself to a lovely meal in a restaurant once in a while if you'd like.

Do you love fast food?
It may not be good for you but if you like to grab something quick every once in a while, make sure to check the circular. I found about 20 coupons for Burger King in there last month...2 sandwiches for the price of one. If you're going to spend money there anyway, might as well take advantage of deals!

I'm sure everything I've said has been heard before. Yet we continue with our bad spending habits. The thing to remember is that just like any habit, bad spending takes time to recover from. It involves discipline and budgeting.

For some reason, people are too proud to clip coupons. WHY?! They're the greatest invention ever! If you were going to buy two packs of Eggo waffles anyway, why not save $2 while you're at it?! I love feeding my belly on a budget because then I don't feel so guilty about eating so much....until I step on the weight scale :)

So walk proudly into your supermarket with your coupon clippings in one hand and your savings card in the other. You'll feel so accomplished knowing you saved so much!

Happy Eating!
-Sammy Shoe-Strings

Now THAT'S a bargain!!

I've never been the kind of girl to walk around in stiletto heels, and a face covered in MAC makeup. I tend to wear jeans and t-shirts, keeping it as simple as possible. Because I love comfortable clothes, I like to buy a lot of it especially if it's on SALE! I'm not one to pass up a great deal on clothes when I see it. I'd like to share some great deals with you.

The Fall season is among us and there are a ton of things we chicas can wear without breaking the bank. We can still look fashionable for those nights out with our girlfriends or those nights in just lounging around with our lovers ;).

My favorite store is Forever 21. A lot of people knock it because they assume the store has low quality clothing. BUT, "never judge a book by it's cover." If you take the time to look around, you'll find a lot of great quality things and not have to spend a whole lot. After all, we're trying to recover from a recession! Why wouldn't we want to save money?!

Below are a few items I came across at the fabulous Forever 21. Before each item, I've posted the link so you can purchase it or browse on Forever21.com if you'd like.

• Strapless Knit Zip Dress---> An AMAZING deal for just $19.80. You CAN'T go wrong! It's style that resembles Bebe. It's sexy and sleek!

Forever 21



I Absolutely love dresses. Especially inexpensive ones that look as if I spent a good amount on it. Dresses mean that I only have to slip on one item of clothing instead of spending and hour trying to figure out "which top goes with these jeans, and which pair of shoes go with this top" etc.. I wore the black dress below to my 23rd birthday party a few months ago. I spent $24.50. A good friend of mine thought I spent around $60.00. I accessorized it with a sterling silver necklace I got years ago, probably for less than $5. Ah I love bargains!

The #1 rule I have when it comes to shopping.....ALWAYS hit up the SALE section first. A lot of times you'll find great outfits for cheap. Of course, sizes will be limited but you may be lucky enough to find an item on sale in your size and pay about half the ticket price.

• One thing every wardrobe needs is a great pair of jeans. The stone-washed jeans pictured below are priced at $14.50. Pair them up with a white tee (as seen in the photo) and you've got a great laid-back look. It's my belief that skinny jeans may never go out of style. They're just too awesome!

Forever 21

• Continuing with the laid-back theme, this Panthers University Pullover sweater is priced at $19.90 and is so comfortable! A hoodie like this could cost you $29.50 at American Eagle Outfitters.

Forever 21

• This Krissie Satin top is listed at $19.80 and is perfect for a casual dinner with friends. You can wear them with jeans or dress them up with slacks. It's a sophisticated top that you can even wear to work with a blazer/dressy jacket. A top that is multipurpose is a must-have! Getting the most out of your wardrobe is key to saving money. There's no need to buy one top for every occasion; this one can be used for almost any event.

Forever 21



I hope this information was useful to all you bargain finding divas out there. I'll continue to post money-saving ideas in the near future. As you've probably noticed, all the items posted above (aside from my birthday dress) are UNDER $20.00. I wouldn't have it any other way :)

Later Lovelies!
-Sammy Shoe-Strings